IN MEMORY OF PRISONERS EXECUTED BY THE EPLF ( 1970s & 1980s)

EPLF is the Same as the PFDJ/Government

This webpage is dedicated for the imprisoned EPLF fighters who were executed in Halewa Sewra "Gestapo" section of the EPLF prison, and for those who were killed or mysteriously disappeared in the 1970s and 1980s

[Interview with Tesfay Temnewo [Part 31]]

ጭካኔ ኢሳያስ ኣብ ቅድሚ ህዝቢ ኣብ ኣሰመራ ጊሂዱ’ምበር፡ ኣብ ሳሕል ኢዩ ተጀሚሩ AdhanomFitew

Researched and compiled by Resoum Kidane
September 2010 (revised and expanded version Dec 2010).

Negussay Ayele( p.6 also states that over the years some University faculty members had been observing certain disturbing and unchanging patterns in the results of the exams. He adds that the highest numbers of University entrants for much of this period were Eritreans. Virtually 90% or more of those who took the exams and eventually qualified for higher education came from Eritrea and some large towns like Harer, Dessie and especially Addis Ababa. Evidence of this can also be seen from a table below.

Source: A historical survey of state Education in Eritrea (Taye, Adane 1991: p.106)Read more)

During these years many Eritrean students who studied at the university in Addis Ababa were influenced by Che Guevara's revolutionary internationalism[video], the Paris student revolts of May 1968[video], the Ethiopian progressive student’s movement etc. Markakis has noted that Eritreans at Addis Ababa university distinguished themselves by their political activism, and their immersion in the radical ideological currents that began to emerge in Ethiopian student circles in the mid 1960s(National and class Conflict in the Horn-1985, p119).   

Before looking at the main theme of this document it is worth mentioning briefly the crimes committed against innocent fighters by the ELF in the late 1960s which became a legacy to the ELF and EPLF leaders in the 1970s and 1980s. The ELF leaders' crimes against innocent fighters did not cease after the killing of Haraka fighters in 1965, in fact they got worse from 1967 onwards. For example, there was a report that twenty-seven fighters from Zone 5 were executed, in 1967, by their own leader, Osman Hishal, deputy comander of the fifth zonal division. Furthermore Usman Saleh Sabbea in his interview mentioned Osman Hishkal from the Beit Juk was appointed after Weldai left. He had 27 Christians and Jabartis killed in 1967 as they left a store unprotected and the Ethiopians took the arms.

As a consequence of the ELF leaders use religious prejudge and regionalism large numbers of ELF fighters  captured or gave themselves up to the Ethiopia government during 1967-1968.This crime and the severe mistreatment of the fighters by their commanders caused many fighters mostly from Zone 5 to defect to Ethiopia. Among them was Haile Duru who pursued his studies at Haile Selassie I University and became one of the organizers of  a student group in the early 1970s. Consequently Kidane Kiflu sent a letter to the Eritrean students studying at the university in Addis Ababa to explain to them the circumstances of ELF fighter and advised them against  joining the ELF.

Source kab riqe -hefeneti Tekie Beyne (2009: p.123)

Ibrahim Berhan (2001) also states that Kidane is one of those gallant and brilliant fighters,TeGaDeLTi,who was assasinated in Kassala,Sudan in the late 60s.He was not only a heroic fighter who relentlessly opposed the sectarian and backwarded political outlooks of the then Jebha,he was a decent person with exceedingly pleasant personality.Those who were incarcerated with him in Sudan's jail in the late 60s attest to those facts.Once he was released the butchers of the then Jebha killed him and put his body in a trunk of a taxi.So was the barbaric acts of QiYaDa ALaMa that left no options for the true and patriotic fighters that they have to emabark upon seeking a different path of pursuing the nationalist agendas.

Kidane Kiflu was killed shortly after 39 members of the new leadership (Kiada al Ama leadership) were elected at the Adobha Conference because of his dissenting opinion   (Read how he was brutally murdered in Kassala).

After Tuku left the ELF, he sent a letter to the Eritrean students and other former members of Haraka in the Diaspora to inform them about the unstable political situation in the ELF and the Kiada Al Ama conspiracy to kill Kidane Kiflue and other fighters. His letter might have contributed for the split among the Eritrean students in the diaspora at the meeting of General Union of Eritrean Students (GUES) in Munich in the summer of 1970.  One group was, which had Dr Fitsum Ghebreselassie, Aregai Habtu, Habte Tesfamariam etc condemned the Kiada al Ama action and the other group, which had, Herui Tedla Bairu who didn't condemn the killing of Kidane Kiflue and Wlday Giday. In 1971 when Dr Fitsum Ghebreselassie was killed in the ELF, Herui Tedla Bairu was a vice-chairman in 1971. The killing of Dr Fitsum Ghebreselassie might have a connection with the summer meeting which was held in Munich . [Herui was also participated in the decision to liquidate the EPLF in1972 which caused for the death of 3, 000 fighters from both side between 1972 and 1974. This was another crime which committed when he was in the ELF leadership between 1971 and 1975.]

Returning to the main point of this document,  the letters mentioned above one was sent by Kidane Kiflu to Eritrean students in Ethiopia and the other by Tuku to Eritrean students and  former members of Haraka in the Diaspora. They were seeking to convince Eritrean students and former members of Haraka to become supporters of the EPLF in the 1970s. For example,  former members of GESU supported the split of PLF from the ELF at the meeting held in Nuremberg in August 1971; it was also the Eritrean students in the North America who became supporters of the PFL by condemning the ELF leaders for their role in killing democratic fighters; furthermore  the Eritrean students inside Ethiopia formed a clandestine Eritrean Marxist Group and became supporters of the PLF.   This new clandestine Eritrean Marxist Groups also had a magazine called Teihsha which was prepared by Temsegen Haile and Petros Yohannes, editor and co –editors of the student journal, respectively. Petros  Tesfa Giorgis (2007) described Temesgen Haile as a brilliant, articulate, extremely bold and a man of action. He was also involved in the underground Eritrean nationalist newspaper named “Tihisha”.”.

Aida Kidane (2010) adds that Meles studied at the Haile Selassie University and passed with distinction and honours in economy 1972. He was a known activist and the security disliked him and some other students. So, when he went all dressed to receive his degree from the emperor, relatives and friends were present at the university. His name was deliberately secluded from the reception. This was a big embarrassment and to make it worse, his father scolded him in front of everyone. They were never good friends with his father, and besides, his father was a security Colonel. Meles along with Petros Selomon slipped away to Somalia. There they were imprisoned and finally let free and they joined EPLF. Soon, a 'quarma' or suspected spy called Stifanos was caught and interrogated. He said that there is another spy with him, someone who came through Somalia. Petros was not suspected as he grew in Asmera, and besides, Meles father was security officer. Meles was tortured to death and died claiming he was innocent. What a tragedy and trice tragady and a year later, his brother Tekeste was gunned down in the US and his brave sister Emnet was investigating the case that she too was killed. He is survived by two brothers. A friend of Meles told Aida Kidane he was tortured and killed by being beaten by thorns, thus bleeding to death.
(Contributed by Aida Kidane Oct.2010) source interview nai menkae short part​

Haile Garza studied Social Work at Haile Selassie University in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He joined the EPLF from Addis Abeba in 1975. Soon he was put in one of the prisons of Halewa Sewra. Miraculously, Haile escaped and took a couple of his prison guards and joined the ELF. Haile soon played a key role in the land distribution projects of the ELF. Haile was an exceptionally intelligent person who not only played the guitar but also spoke Tigre, Tigriyna, Amharic, Arabic and English fluently. He wrote equally well in the three scripts (Geez, Roman and Arabic). Among other things. Haile represented the ELF as the head of its humanitarian wing, the Eritrean Red Cross & Crescent Society (ERCCS). Haile’s untimely death in Khartoum in 1984 by the EPLF security was linked to his position of the ERCCS. Haile united the then ERCCS of the three factions of the ELF (Ahmed Nasir, Abdela Idris and Osman Buruj) and became their first and last chair man.

At that time, THE Scandinavian international NGOs which had been assisting the humanitarian wings of the ELF, EPLF, OLF and TPLF (namely ERCCs, ERA, ORA and REST) were mostly convinced that in Eritrea they had to help ERA only. They knew that the ELF was expelled by the joint force of the EPLF and TPLF. Norwegians Church Aid was the key among the NGOs. Haile realized that the conference in OSLO, Norway would determine the fate of his organisation ERCCS as well. Haile tried, but thanks to the then head of ERA, Paulos Tesfagiorgis was unable to get an entry visa to Norway to attend that crucial conference. However, Haile was so resourceful that secured a visa to Sweden and rented a boat to entry Norway. Thus, Haile attended the conference. He illustrated to the Norwegian NGO’s that his organization, the ERCCS was still responsible for the lives of thousands of Eritreans who had escaped from Eritrea and were in vulnerable circumstances in Sudan.

The donors responded positively to Haile’s demands and consequently ERA,despite the lion’s share that is secured, was deeply frustrated by the missionary zeal of Haile that they couldn’t stop. Haile returned to Khartoum victorious, but was soon assassinated. He won the war but lost the battle. [Note from wekipedia Paulos established the only PFDJ licensed Regional Centre for Human Rights and Development in Eritrea and was a co-founder and subsequently head of the Eritrean Relief Association during the Eritrean independence war]

Yemane Tekle Gergish found Semere Russom moments after Haile Garza was killed in Khartoum in 1984, in his office transferring his documents fearing that Sudanese security may come to search the Office. He informed Yemane, that Haile has just been killed with details on how he was killed. During that period of top military leaders in the ELF, that pose a threat to Isaias's domination were killed [ Semere Russom was the security chief of the EPLF in Sudan in the 1980s and many assassinations that took place in the Sudan during that period.

Gidey
Gidey was another victim of the EPLF leaders.  He was a third year university student before he joined the EPLF. Below is some information regarding his mysterious death from [ወፊሮም ገዝኦም ዘይተመልሱ (ካልኣይ ክፋል)መስፍንሓጎስመን’ዩ?
መስፍን ተግባራቱ በዚ አይውዳእን ሓደ ግደይ ዝተባህለ ኣዲስ ኣበባ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ሳልሳይ ዓመት ዝወደአ ‘ኢንትሃብ’ ዝበሃል ናይ ቆላ ሕማም ምስ ሓመመ ወረቐት ጽሒፉ ኣነ ጥዕና ስለ ዘይረኸብኩ ንወጻኢ ከይደ እናተሓከምኩ ምስ ሰውራይ ክተሓባበር ምስ በለ መስፍን ሓጎስ፡ ‘ እንጀራ ህዝባዊ ሓይልታት ሓንቲ ኩላሶ ዝበልዐ ወይ ይስዋእ ወይ ይሕረድ’ ክብል መልሲ ሃቦ። ከም ኣጋጣሚ ምሳይ ተራኺቡ ምስ ሓተትኩዎ ነጊሩኒ። ኣነ ‘ውን ስቕ በል ከይሓርዱኻ ኢለዮ ከይደ። ደሓር ግን ክሃድም ፈቲኑ ተባሂሉ ተቐትለቲኑ ተባሂሉ[ read more [ወፊሮም ገዝኦም ዘይተመልሱ (ካልኣይ ክፋል)መስፍን ሓጎስ መን’ዩ? ]

Petros

መንግስትኣብ ኢሳቕመንግስትኣብ ኢሳቕ መን ኢዩ ነይሩ?

Meharena Hadgu in Menkae memory wrote that fighters were taken away from front lines and disappeared. Some fighters who came from Addis and abroad heard of the Menkae killings and asked about it. They were met with suspicion and some disappeared. One of those victims was Petros.  In late 1977  Petros Yohannes joined the EPLF together with Yemane Monkey and Girma Asmerom from the USA. When Petros was member of ENASA in the USA, he had started inquiring about the injustice of the Menka group's arrest.  Why were fighters imprisoned? The educated ones asked only for democracy.  And what more have the ELF done? So what was the reason Shabia split from ELF then? Because of this he became a target of the EPLF which eventually caused to his mysterious death in 1978. Petros probably came to the field to work with Andebrehan who was the head of the English editorial board at the EPLF's Department of information in the field. Shortly after he arrived to the field he went for tour with Yemane Monkey and Grima. While they were on their journey came the tragic news that Petros had been killed in a road accident somewhere between Ginda and Decemhara. This was the EPLF’s version. There remains a suspicion about how if in such a serious accident had occurred Yemane and Girma survived unharmed?.Beyan Negash (2007)states that though I did not meet him, he was said to be a brilliant person. We heard that a man called Petros Yohannes had entered Meda (field)  from the US and was killed [ጴጥሮስ ምዕባሌታት ክረኢ ደልዩ ኣብ ሜዳ (ብኤነ ተሬ) (N3) ዓበይቲ ናይ ጽዕነት ማኪና እናተጓዕዘ እንከሎ ድቃስ ወሲድዎ ስለዝነበረ ጨዓ ሲሒቡ ኣውዲቅዎ መይቱ፡፡ዝብል ወሬ ኣብ ሜዳ ተነዝሐ፡፡ ኣብ ሜዳ‘ኳ ዝኣምኖም ሰብ ኣይረከቡን፣ ጨዓስ ኣሽንኳይዶ ሰብሲ ነጸለ‘ውን ሲሒባ ክተውድቅ ተራእዩ ስለዘይፈልጥ read more

According to Ms. Hepner, Tsegai "dinesh" had met with Issayas Afewerki and Masfin Hagos on fact finding mission but his fear and in turn the EFLNA's fears would be tamed as a result of what these two leader had told Tsegai. The only phrase used by Ms. Hepner was that with "heavy heart" Issayas would tell Tsegai his wish to keep the incident under the radar screen, but the ramifications of which will come to haunt Mengisteab personally later when he dissented from EPLF's line of thinking.

During the late ‘70s when Mengisteab was falling out of favor, the EPLF morale was low, for EPLF and ELF were forced to withdraw because the Soviet Union, East Germany, Cuba, the Socialist Yemen of the time, all were parachuting down into the liberated zones of Eritrea as they helped the Derg consolidate its power by regaining most of the Eritrean land to reoccupation.

Mengisteab Yisaq as the chair of EFLNA/ENASA all he wanted was for EPLF to unequivocally denounce the Soveit Union for its transgression. Another reason Mengisteab was critical of EPLF was the same reason for which EPLF was critical of ELF for unanimously deciding to negotiate with the Derg of Ethiopia for peace previously.

Mengisteab Yisaq courageously called on EPLF to task using the same line of reasoning it used to criticize ELF because EPLF was negotiating peace terms without preconditions with Ethiopia. For that a litany of unflattering terms were hurled at the man, ranging from "traitorous" to even likening Mengisteab to Jim Jones, a cult figure who had led his follower into a cyanide binge.

Similarly, EPLF followers were hurling any insult that might stick. Thus "Jim Jones of Eritrea" was one that they attempted to label the man with, because he simply thought outside the groupthink. If anyone would fit the cult bill, it would have been those that were throwing an insult at Mengisteab and his comrades of the time like the late Petros Yohannes, a student from Canada, who ended up in the field at such turbulent time and soon after to be pronounced dead by accident in the fields of Eritrea. Incidentally, EPLF would give a martyr’s certificate to Petros Yohannes’ READ MORE

Additionally information on The 1978 Split within the Eritreans for Liberation in North America (EFLNA)

The 9th General Congress and the End of EFLNA in 1979

The 9th General Congress of the Eritreans for Liberation in North America and the second congress of the Association of Eritrean Women in North America (AEWNA) between august 19-20 1978 in Washington DC.  was held between 14-18 August 1978. Both organizations unanimously condemned the EPLF leaders as “capitulationist  leadership” and decided to cut off all relations with it.  EFLNA has been a mass organization of the EPLF for two years and AEWNA has been a mass organization for one year (See: Against the capitulationist line of the ‘Leaders’ of the Eritrean Revolution EFLNA New York New York 1978 p.1).  It justified its actions by stating that “The stand taken at our congresses is a culmination of year and half internal struggle with the EPLF leaders on major questions of strategy and tactics of the Eritrean revolution.  The principal differences between us the EPLF leadership lie: whether to regard the Soviet-led revisionism as our enemy or friend, especially when it is directly confronting our revolution, on the question of peaceful solution and the characterized the Ethiopian military junta.” (See: Against the capitulationist line of the ‘Leaders’ of the Eritrean Revolution EFLNA New York New York 1978 p.1) . The pamphlet presented the fundamental questions as it saw it and its differences with EPLF.  First it stated clearly that  EFLNA’s role has been “organizing Eritreans in North America, cultivating them in revolutionary theory, exposing the reaction line in the Eritrea struggle, publicizing EPLF, raising material support for the EPLF and participating in the armed struggles and other tasks. However, it saw it as its duty to expose EPLF leadership’s serious errors accusing the EPLF as having departed from “the correct line” and, along with the ELF leadership, had “capitulated to the Soviet led revisions”.  They stated that the Soviet revisions had openly declared “counter revolutionary war” against Eritrea, along with Cubans and South Yemenis  and the fascist junta in Ethiopia and were waging war to crush the Eritrean revolution.   It accused ELF and EPLF as having embraced the Soviets regime as  “the strategic ally ”of the Eritrean Revolution and the Ethiopian fascist Junta as an “anti-imperialist force.  ….” According to EFLNA, both Fronts have in the most “shameless manner betrayed the national struggle” and “have proclaimed themselves as apologists of the Soviet-led revisions aggression.  ..Under the guidance of Soviet revisions, they have renounced the banner of self-reliant protracted people’s war and are waging the white flag of ‘peaceful solution’ Thus, the leadership of the two fronts have become fifth columnists of the service of Soviet-led revisionism in Eritrea” (See: Against the capitulationist line of the ‘Leaders’ of the Eritrean Revolution EFLNA New York New York 1978 p.1

.From its inception EFLNA was affiliated with the formerly PLF and which later became EPLF.  The sudden turn of event of relationship between EFLNA and EPLF sent shock waves among its members.  EFLNA changed from an organization that treated every decision made by the EPLF as correct, principled and revolutionary to suddenly considering it as “counter revolutionary and revisionist”  After returning to their respective places of residences, members entered into a personal and collective crisis of loss of direction.  The organization they worshiped as faultless was suddenly diminished and tarnished.  The connections with EPLF that have given them a sense of having an impact on events in Eritrea was suddenly lost.  The cutting off such link sent them into period of personal reckoning and conundrum. Many individuals who committed themselves to the movement confronted uncertainty in their beliefs and convictions.   Many had sacrificed their scholarship from some illustrious universities in the US or bright future and had devoted their time and money to the movement.  Many of them delayed commitment to having families and children, and professional careers.  From the beginning there was so much confusion and disillusionment among members.  By 1979 the members could be categorized into four discernible large groups. The first were “loyal” members of EFLNA who held the line of the congress and maintained their beliefs in the actions of dissociating from EPLF.  The second group consisted of “loyal” EPLF supporters who questioned the decision to disconnect from EPLF.   The third gourp were members of EFLNA who were on the margins of action and decision making and found a new opportunity to become more powerful within the student movement by aligning themselves with the “loyal” EPLF supporters.   These two regroup to bring back members to supporting and affiliating with EPLF.  The largest majority refocused their energy to their own personal lives including going back to school, pursuing professional careers and getting married and creating own families in the US and most vowed to participate in non-political events concerning Eritrea and Eritreans.  There were open conflict and even fist fights between the “loyal” members of EFLNA and the “loyal” followers of EPLF in some US cities.  source Eritreans For Liberation In North America (EFLNA) By Mehretab Mehari – Jul 26, 2007

Eritreans For Liberation In North America (EFLNA)
By Mehretab Mehari -July 26, 2007 source https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/eritrea/elna-history.pdf

EFLNA’s brief life cycle was determined by its the relationships with the nationalist fronts in Eritrea, the Eritrean student movements in Europe and the Middle East, the policies and actions of the Ethiopian, the US, the USSR and other governments to
wards Eritrean nationalist aspiration and its relationships with leftists and nationalist movements based largely in the United States and to some extent in Canada. This is content analysis of the various writings of EFLNA and is presented in chronologic
al order and provides a glimpse of the rich history left behind by EFLNA read more

Excrept from the Crown and the Pen by Dr Bereket Habte Selassie Pages 338-339

In August, EFLNA, led by Mengesteab  Isaac, broke away from the EPLF. The  split shook the movement in North America to its foundation, creating one of the most serious crises the EPLF faced at a crucial time in the Eritrean struggle  for independence. Mengeastab  was an influential member of EFLNA’s leadership. In 1975, he was one of two emissaries EFLNA sent to field to inquire into rumors that EPLF leadership had violated the rights of some prominent members who had challenged Isaias.

In 1978 Mengesteab and his close-knit group of leaders of EFLNA decided that the EPLF withdrawal from the liberated zone was a tactical mistake. Moreover they accused the EPLF of revisisionism, a cardinal sin among some Marxist-Leninsim at the time. In August 1978 they issued a declaration condemning the EPLF leaders and renouncing  EPLF membership, EFLNA apilit into two factions, one supporting Mengisteab and his group, the other remaining loyal to the EPLF.

Reasonable people, even those who admired Mengisteab, wondered why he and his group condemned EPLF’s strategic retreat as defeatism, when not to have retreated would have meant a massacre of the EPLF army by a Soviet backed Ethiopian offensive. According to some reports, Romodan Mohamed Nur had explained the military situation to Mengisteab in a phone converstion. Obviously, the explanation did not convince Mengesteab. It is hard to believe that  the strategc retreat was the only or even the main reason for Megesteab’s disaffection and drastic step. I  am (Dr Bereaket) forced to speculate that there was another reason and I am reminded of recent writing reporting that Mengisteab and another companion  who had made a field trip in 1975 were informed of some unsavory facts concerning the EPLF’s treatment of some of its members.

Mengeateab and Paulos Tesfagiorgis were sent to the Field by EFLNA to investigate reports of human rights violations by the EPLF, especially  concerning the so called Menka’E movement. Referring to this matter British writer Michela Wrong writes as follows.

It was Paulos’ first visit to the Front and he found it psychologically overwhelming. The purge had created an atmosphere of fear and suspicion he could feel but barely understand. In daytime he was kept under strict escort, but at night manqa sympathiers sidled up to him to mutterDon’t believe everything you hear.
He was awed by the austerity of life at the Front, humbled by the Fighters sense of purpose.Above all he was agonizing aware that to retun to a cushioned existence in the West, former classmates who possessed no more than the clothes on their backs were staying behind. To question it all would have felt like gross disloyalty.

The writer then quotes Paulos as saying [339]
In our report we said “ Those executed were guilty of incitement and creating division. Our report created a calmness. We were the  first people from the North American community who had been there, so no one could challenge us. Our word was the word. Single handed, we made the Front look fantastic.

It seems plausible to suggest that Mengisteab, Paulos’ companion in the trip to the Front, was suddenly seized with remorse for the suppression of the EPLF’s alleged wrongs. Perhaps Paulos can  clarify this point and supply the answer; meanwhile, however, it is reasonable to suppose that a feeling of guilt for making the EPLF “Look fantastic” might have induced Mengesteab’s desperate final actions, including his suicide barely a year after the fateful decision to break from and condemn the EPLF. Pages 338-339

Mebrhatu Woldu (Wodi Woldu). Just 2 years after the mystrous death of Petros a smilar story was repeated by EPLF. This was in connection with the death of Mebrhatu Woldu. As was mentioned earlier Dehab Tesfatsion& Aberash Melke refused political indoctrination and self-criticism consequently   executed  at Gerger (Belekat) in 1979. This was when Wodi Woldu, Worku Zerai, Alazar T/Michael and other who participated in the Menka movement were released from Halewa Sewra[ EPLF’s prison ] following their self-criticism in 1979. After their release they came to Nakfa for temporary stay at the Department of Poltics(School of Cader). When the Derg launched the fourth military offensive to capture Nakfa, this school was moved to Arag. During the fifth military offensive in July 1979 Wodi Woldu was sent to Hailitat (Platoon) not far from Arag. In 1980 we heard the tragic story that Wodi Woldu with his wife while on honeymoon had been killed in a road accident somewhere around Arag. For more details here is some brief information which is excerpted from Alena part 11 ኣብ መርዓ ወዲ ወልዱ ተጋዳላይ መስፍን ሓጎስ ቀንዲ ኣቦ ዳስ ከም ዝነበረ ርግጸኛ እየ። እንተኾነ እቲ ጅግና፣ ብዙሕ ምስጢራት ዝፈልጥን ንኢሳይያስ ድማ ከም ኢብራሂም ዓፋ “ስሱዕ” ኢሉ ጸሪፉዎ ዝነበረን ‘ገስጋሲ ሓረስታይ’ መብራህቱ ወልዱ፤ ናይ ግድን ክጠፍእ ስለዝነበሮ፤ ብድሕሪ መርዕኡ ኣይሰሙን ኣይሳልስቲ ምስ ሰበይቱ ተሰወረ። ኣብ ግዜ ሕጽኖቱ ምስ መርዓቱ ተረሺኑ ኣብ ሓደ ጋህሲ ተቐቢሮም ዝብል ትሒም-ትሒም ሰሚዕና ኔርና። ምኽንያት ንመስዋእቱ ዝተባህለ ከኣ ከምቲ ኩሉ ግዜ ዝግበር ጥበብ ተማህዘ። Read more

ዝኽሪ ንስዉእ ጅግና መብራህቱ ወልዱ። እቲ ኣብ መፋርቕ ስሳታት ናብ ሰውራ ኤርትራ ዝተሰለፈ፡ መብራህቱ ወልዱ /ገስጋሲ ሓረስታይ/ ታሪኽ ዘይርስዖ ጅግንነት ፈጺሙ ኢዩ ተሰዊኡ። ወዲ ወልዱ ኣብ ውድብ ህዝባዊ ሓይልታት ብዝለዓለ ወተሃደራዊ ሓላፍነት ዝጋደል ዝነበረ ጅግና ኤርትራዊ ኢዩ ነይሩ። ኣብ 1973 ምስ ምንቅስቓስ "መንካዕ" ምትእስሳር ኣሎካ ተባሂሉ ንሓሙሽተ ዓመታት ኣብ ሓለዋ ሰውራ ተኣሲሩ ብድሕሪ ምንባሩ፡ ኣብ 1978 ተፈቲሑ። ኣሰዋውኣ መብራህቱ ፍሉጥ ኣይኮነን። ምስ ምስጢራውነት ኣሰዋውኣ ወዲ ወልዱ፡ ስለምንታይ ኢዩ ተፈቲሑ ነይሩ? ናብ ዘብል ሕቶ ኢዩ ዝወስደካ፡ እቲ ዘገርም ከኣ ብድሕሪ መርዕኡ ምስ መርዓቱ ኣብ ግዜ ሕጽኖቶም ብሓደ ኢዮም ተሰዊኦም። እዋይ ትራጄዲ! እሞ ኣንታ ኤርትራዊ ሓውኻ ኣበይ ኣሎ? source alana

ካብ ናይ ቃልሲ ዝኽርታተይ ኣበድ ተስፋይ- መብራህቱ ወልዱ ኣብ ከባቢ 1950 ኣብ ቁሸት ዓዲተከሌዛን እካኣሎ ተወሊዱ፡ኣብ 4ይ ክፍሊ ትምህርቲ ኣቓሪጹ ኣብ ተኽረረት እንዳ ፍራንኮ ቱቲ እናሰርሐ ብ 1967 ዓ/ፈ ኣብ ጅብሃ ተሰሊፉ።ጀብሃ ንወታሃደራዊ ስልጠና ንሱርያ ሰዲዳቶ።ኣብ ሱርያ ብወተሃደራዊ ንጥፈቱ ካብታ ኮርስ ቀዳማይ ብምውጽእ ሽጉጥ ተሸሊሙ።ወዲ ወልዲ ኣብ 1970 ኣብ ጀብሃ ብዝተፈጥረ ቅልውላው ምስ መስረቲ ህዝባዊ ሓይልታት ተጸምቢሩ።ኣብ ህዝባዊ ሓይልታት ካብቶም ህቡባት ወታህደራት ስለዝነበረ፡ድሕሪ ተኽሊጥ ቀዳማይ ወገን ህዝባዊ ሓይልታትን ካላኣይ ወገን ካብቶም ውሑዳት
መራሕቲ ሓይልታት ነበረ።ምንቅስቓስ መንካዕ ምስ ተጀመረ ቀንዲ ተዋሳኢ ብምንባሩ ንምልእቲ ሓይሉ ጸለዋ እሞ፡ድሕሪ ገለ እዋን ኢሰያስ ነታ ሓይሊ ብትንትን ኣቢሉ፡ብዙሓት ካብ ኣባላት እታ ሓይሊ ከምዝቕጽዑ ገበረ።ወዲ ወልዱ፡ድማ ዕጫኡ ምስ በጽሐት ምስቶም ተቓለስቲ ንዲሞክራሲ ተኣስረ።ኣባላት መንካዕ ገስጋሲ ሓረስታይ ዝብል
መጸውዒ ሂቦሞ ነበሩ።መብራህቱ ድሕሪ ናይ ሓሙሽተ ዓመት ስቓይ ማእሰርቲ ኣብ ግዜ ምዝላቕ 1978 ካብ ማእሰርቲ ምስ፡ኣልኣዛር ተስፋሚካአል፡(ሓው ስዉእ ሙሴ ተስፋሚካኤል) ከምኡ ድማ እታ ምህርቲ ስነ-ማዕድን Geologist ወርቁ ተስፋሚካኤል ካብ ሕለዋ-ሰውራ ተፈቲሖም።መብራህቱን ኣልኣዛርን ናብ ክፍሊ ቁጠባ ጨንፈር ኢደ-ስራት ክምደቡ ከለዉ፡ወርቑ ድማ ናብ ፖለቲካዊ ምንቕቓሕ ተመደበት። ወዲ ወልዱ ናብ ጽርበት ዕንጸይቲ ኣልኣዛር ድማ ናብ ጽገና ሬድዮን-ሰዓትን መደብኩዎም። ወዲ-ወልዱ ኢደ-ወርቂ'ዩ፡ክራር ብጣዕሚ ወሓለ ወቓዒ'ዩ ነይሩ
ኣብ ባዓላትናን መርዓታትናን የጻውተና ነበረ።ንሱ ዝሰፍዮዕጥቂ ዝጸርቦ ሚዶ ንበይኑ እዩ።ህቡብነቱ እውን እናዓበየ መጸ፡ኣብ ሓወልዕ ዶብ ሱዳን ቁሩብ እቱው ኢልና ነበርና።ወዲ-ወልዱ ናብ ሰራዊት ክኸይድ ዝነበሮ ድልየት ስለዝሰመረሉ፡ካባናን ካላኦት ክፍልታትን ዝተዋጻአት ቦጦሎኒ 75 መራሒ ሓይሊ ኮይኑ ወጸ፡መራሕ ቦጦሎኒ ዑቕባይ
ሸያቦ ነበረ።ብሙሉኦም መራሕቲ ሓይላታት ካብ ኢደ-ስራሓት ዝኸተቱ እዮም ዝነበሩ፡፡እቲ እዋን ድሕሪ ሓሙሻይ ወራር፡ኣጋ መወዳኣታ 1980 ምዃኑ ኣዩ።ወዲ-ወልዱ ምስ ሓንቲ ብጸይቲ ዝምድና ገይሩ፡እቶምብቐረባ ዝፈልጥዎ
ገዳይም መዛናኡ መጀመርያ መስፍን ሓጎስ፡ካላኦት ኣስመሮም ገ/ሄር፡ወልደንኬል ገ/ማርያም ካብ ድፋዕ ሰሜናዊ ምብራቕ ሳሕል ወሪዱ ኣብ ዓራግ መርዓ ገይሮምሉ፡፡ድሕሪ 10 መዓልቲ ናይ መርዓኡ ምስ መርዓቱ ብሓንቲ ዓባይ ወተሃደራዊት መኪና እናኸዱ፡ደግዳግ ረኺባ ስለ ዘንጠረቶም ምስ መርዓቱ ንድሕሪት ወዲቖም ተሰዊኦም ተባሂሉ ተነገረ።ገሊኦም ናባኹም ክበጽሓኩም'ዩ ተበጊሱ ይብሉና ነይሮም።መሪሕነት ህዝባዊ ግምባር ወዲ ወልዱ ኣብ ሰራዊት
እንተቐጺሉ ኣይድቅሰልናን'ዩ ዝብል ጥርጣረ ዶኾን ይኸውን፡ኣብ ድብያ ኣእትዮም ምስ መርዓቱ ኣጥፊኦሞ ፡ወይሲ ካልእ ብልሓት ኣለዎ ክሳብ ሕጂ መረጋገጺ ኣይረኸብኩን።ኣነ ናይ40 ደቒቕ ካብ ዓራግ ከለኹ ኣብ መርዓ ኣይዓደመንን።ዓደምቲ በዓል መስፍን ስለዝነበሩ ንሱ ዝፈልጦ የብሉን፣ብዝተረፈ ምስኡ እውን ናይ ስጋ ዝምድና ነይሩና ፡ኣዝማድ ኢና።ካልኦት ስለዝገበርዎ እቲ መርዓ ኣይዓደመንን።ድሕሪ መስዋእቲ ወዲ ወልዱ ከጻሪ ፈቲነ፡ብዛዕባ ኣታ ተሰቒሎማ ዝነበሩ ወታሃደራዊ መኪና ብፍጹም ሓበሬታ ሲኢነ፡ቀቢርና ዝብሉ እውን ኣይተረኽቡን።ኣሃድኡ ዋላ ሓንቲ ሓበሬታ ኣይነበራን።ዑቕባይ ሸያቦ መራሕ ቦጦሎኒ፡ሓቲተዮ ኣብቲ መርዓ ከምዝነበረ ብድሕሪኡ ዝፈልጦ የብለይን ኢሉኒ።ንወዲ ወልዱ ኢሰያስ ከምዘይድቅሰሉ ፍልጥ'ዩ።ሓደ መዓልቲ ኣብ
ገረገር ኣስመራ ኢሰያስ፡ሓርጭ እናሰፈረ መቑነን ክህብ ጸኒሑዎ፡ኣታ ሱሱዕ እዚኣ ተሪፋትካ ዘይገበትካያ ሓርጭ ትዕድለ ኣልኻ ፡ኢሉ ጸሪፉዎ ምንባሩ፡ኢሰያስ ኣብ ርእስቲ ናይ መንካዕ ኣባልነቱ ኣብ ግምት ኣእቲኻ ከም ዘይድቅሰሉ ፍሉጥ እዩ፡ እቲ ጅግና ስነ-ጥበባዊ ብልሓተኛ ምኩር ወዲ ወልዱ ገና ከምታ ናይ ኢብራሂም ዓፋ መስዋእቲ፡ምስጢረ ስላሴ ኮይና ቀጺላ ኣላ።
ዘለኣለማዊ ዝኽሪ ንሰማኣታት ኤርትራ
ኣበድ ተስፋይ

Isaias Asfah ዝኸበርካ ብጻይ ኣበድ ተስፋይ ተሞክሮታትካን ዝኽርታትካን ብኸምዚ ተታሓሒዝካዮ ዘለኻ ንህዝብኻ ብፍላይ ክኣ ነዚ ሓድሽ ወሎዶ ኣብ ምትሕልላፍ ትገብሮ ዘለኻ ጻዕሪ እናኣመጎስኩ ኣብዛ " ካብ ናይ ቃልሲ ዝኽርታተይ" ብዝብል ኣርእስቲ ብዛዕባ ጅግና ስዉእ መብራህቱ ወልዱ ዝገለጽካዮ ብጣዕሚ ዝንኣድ ኢዩ። በዚ ኣጋጣሚ ብፍላይ ናይቶም ብስም መንካዕ ዝተቐንጸሉ ብዙሕ ጊዜ ከም ቀንዲ ኣንቀሳቐስቲ እናተባህሉ ዝጽዉዑን ነቲ ምንቅስቓስ መታን ኣውራጃዊ መልክዕ ንከትሕዝዎ ኣስማት ናይ ብዓል ሙሴ ተስፋሚካኤልን የውሃንስ ስብሃቱን ጥራሕ ኢዩ ዝደጋገምን ጎሊሑ ዝርአን። እንተኾነ እቲ ምንቅስቓስ ደሞክራሲያዊ ኣብ ርእሲ ምምባሩ ካብ ሰለስቲአን ኣውራጃታት ከበሳ ዝውለዱ ኣባላት ከም ዝነበርዎ ድሮ ኳ ጅግና መብራህቱ ወልዱ ተወላዲ ኣውራጃ ሓማሴን ምዃኑ ገሊጽካዮ ኣለኻ 'ሞ እንጀራ ዓለም ብላዕ። ካልእ ምስዚ ኣተኣሳሲረ ኣብ መፋርቕ 1978 ኣብ ፋሕ (ሳሕል) ተደኲኑ ዝነበረ ብ ቁጽሪ 5 ዝፍለጥ መሓመድ ስዒድ ዓፋ (ሓዉ ንስዉእ ኢብራሂም ዓፋ) ዝመርሓ ናይ ሓለዋ ሰውራ ጨንፈር እሱራት ብገለ ኣጋጣሚ ኣነ ኣብ ንኡስ ዕድመይ ተኣሲረ ነይረ ኣብዚ ዝተጠቕሰ እስርቤት እዚ እምበኣር ክልተ ሰባት ኣብ ነጸላ መንደቕና ተኣሲሮም ነይሮም እዞም ሰባት ምሳና ፍጹም ኣይራኸቡን ኢዮም እንተኾነ ኣብ ጊዜ ምሳሕ ግን ንራኸብ ነይርና ግን ክኣ ኣብ ልዕሌና ዋርዲያ ጠጠው ኢሉ ስለዝከታተለና ክንዘራረብ ኣይፍቀደልናን ነይሩ፣ ብገለ ኣጋጣሚ ዕንጨይቲ ከነምጽእ ብሓለዋ ንወፍር ኣብ ዝነበርናሉ ግን ብተዛማዲ ምስቶም መተኣስርትና ነዕልል ስለ ዝነበርና እንታዎት ምዃኖም ሓቲተሎም እታ ሓንቲ እዛ ኣብ ላዕሊ ጠቒስካያ ዘለኻ ብጸይቲ ወርቁ ዘርእይ ክትከውን ከላ እቲ ምስኣ ተእሲሩ ዝነበረ ግን ዮናስ ተስፋሚካኤል (ባርባ) ሓው ሙሴ ተስፋሚካኤል ኢዩ ዝነበረ። ድሕሪ ክንደይ ዓመት ኣነ ኣብ 6ይ ወራር ተወጊአ ንሕክምና ዓራርብ ከይደ ኣብ ጋንታ 16 ኣብ ዝነበርኩሉ ንካልእይ ጊዜ ኣባል ሕክምና 16 ኮይኑ ሪኤዮ ብድሕሪኡ ሓቲተሉ ግን ንድሕሪ መስመር ከም ዝተመደበን እንተኾነ ሓደ ተጋዳላይ ምስኡ ዝነበረ ቀቲልዎ ናብ ጸላኢ ኣቲዩ ዝብል ጽውጽዋይ ሰሚዐ። ስለዚ ኣብ ልዕሊ እዛ ናይ ኣልኣዛር ተስፋሚካኤል (ወዲ ትልንቲ) ማእሰርቲ ናይ ዮናስ ተስፋሚካኤል ሓዉ ማእስርቲን ኣጠፋፍኣን'ውን ከምዚ ዝጠቐስክዎ ኢዩ።

መኮነን ተኽለ /ጉብጣን

ኣብ ኣሶሳ ዝነበረ ፍሉይ ተርእዮ መስዋእቲ ገዲምን ሓላፊ ኣሃዱ ኮማንዶን ዝነበረ ተጋዳላይ መኮነን ተኽለ /ጉብጣን/ ኢዩ። ኣብ ኣሶሳ ናብ ግድን ክቕንጸል ዝነበሮ መኮነን /ጉብጣን/ ድማ ብመደብ ኢሳይያስን ብትእዛዝ ፊሊጶስ ተቐንጸለ። ኣገባብ ቅንጸላ መኮነን ተኽለ ኣብ ዝቕጽል ግዜ ክቐርብ ኢዩኢዩ።sourceትልሚ፣ ንዘርኢ ክርዳድ ዓስራይ

Here is a piece of information regarding Mekonnen which is exerepted from መደባትና፡ ነቲ ኪንዮ ጸሊም ራEዲ ዘሎ ደበና፡ ምቕንጣጥ Iዩ
Eቲ ብህዝባዊ ሰራዊት ዝፍለጥ ሰራዊት ህዝባዊ ግንባር ሓርነት ኤርትራ፡ ብኣላይነት ኣዛዚ ኣሃዱ ኮማንዶ ስዉE ተጋዳላይ መኮነን ተኽለ /ጉብጣን/፡ "ስዉE ተጋዳላይ መኮነን ተኽለ /ጉብጣን/፡ ሓደ ካብቶም ብስሪሒት ቅያ 18 ደቓይቅ ዝፍለጥ መጥቃEቲ መEርፎ ነፈርቲ ኣስመራ ዓቢ ተራ ዝነበሮ Eሞ፡ "ኣብ'ታ ብትEዛዝ ግዝያዊ ፕረዚደንት ሃገረ ኤርትራ ኣቶ Iሰያስ ኣፈወርቂ፡ ንተጋዳላይ ሰሎሞን ድራር ዝተዋህበ መምርሒ መሰረት ዝተደርሰት መጽሓፍ፡ /ቅያ 18 ደቓይቕ ስሪሒት ኮማንዶ/ ህላዌU ዝሃሰሰ ምኩር ሓርበኛ Iዩ''። ንኩነታት መስዋEቱን ታሪኹን ኣመልኪተ ፍሉይ ዝበሃል ስለ ዘለኒ፡ ኣብ ካልE ኣርEስቲ ገለ ክብል ክፍትን Iየ። ህዝባዊ ግንባር ሓርነት ኤርትራ ብውሕሉል ኣላይነት መኮነን ተኽለ /ጉብጣን/ ስሪሒት መጥቃEቲ ኣሶሳ ዓቢ ወትሃደራዊ ስሪሒት ከተካይድ Eንከላ፡ ንመንግስቲ ካርቱም ዘዘናግE መደናገሪ ጎጣዩ ስርሒት፡ ኣብ ልEሊ ውድብ S.P.L.A. ብጆን ጋርንግ ዝምራሕ ወትሃደራዊ ክንፊ ጸንፋፊ ዝኾነ ወትሃደራዊ ስሪሒት ብምክያድ Iያ ንኣሶሳ ከተጥቅE ዝኸኣለት፡፡ Eዚ ኸኣ፡ ነቲ ኣብ ልEሊ ዝባን መንግስቲ ካርቱም ተሳሒሉ ዝዋደድ ዝነበረ ናይ Eልዋ መስርሕ ስለያ፡ ንመንግስቲ ካርቱም ካብ ድቃሱ ንኸየበራብሮ ኣዳህሊሉዎ Iዩ።

Ibrahim Afa: It was just after the Bahre Neghash offensive. The enemy had already been defeated in the third front of Halhal and, as a result, changed tactic and tried to penetrate EPLF lines through the Northern Sahel front which it knew were devoid of EPLF troops. In fact, many people claim that, at the time, Ibrahim Afa was a lame duck in Aragh, posted as head of the military training department, instead of directing the war. Some people also claim he also opposed on how the war was being conducted.  He had a very close friendship with Mesfun Hagos and the late Weldenkiel Haile. Ibrahim Afa is then said to have died when enemy troops ambushed him and Shambel Mebrahtom while they were sleeping in their bunker.Source EPLF's History of Mysterious Deaths By Lt. Kidane - Mar 15, 2009 read more [Find more information from  the mysterious death of Ibrahim Afa ]

Lt. Kidane(2009) concluded his report by saying that, these are the ones I precisely know about.  There are many others that I did not know who committed suicide in the Mahberawi Ghudayat in Jelhanti, and in the branch of transport. The usual story is so and so died by committing suicide. It became routine. I am not taking into account the many young ladies who when coerced to marry a cadre they never loved committed suicide by burning themselves, or the ones who were told they could not marry the guy they loved. They became disillusioned and died while trying to cross to the Sudan. Dear readers, without exaggeration this is the tip of the iceberg and it is the obligation of every citizen to add something by searching his memory. Our martyrs who (committed suicide) deserve more than this and we can at least placate ourselves by doing so. Source EPLF's History of Mysterious Deaths By Lt. Kidane - Mar 15, 2009 read more

Saba Gidy

Saba Gidy graduated from Lycee Gibra Mariyam (French School) Addis Ababa and became a secondary school french teacher in Dekemhare. She joined the EPLF from Dekemhare in late 1974 and was working in the Department of Public Adminstration (Jemher) in the Karnishim area of the highlands from 1975- 1977.  Subsequently, she was in the combat force at the Massawa Front line for a short period where she was killed in action. In 1970s and 1980s someone who was suspected of having different views from that of the EPLF leaders was commonly sent deliberately from Kefletat (EPLF departments) to the front line, without appropriate military retraining . This happened to many of the EPLF fighters who were killed at the Massawa front in 1977 and 1978. Many of them became a forced martyr. Saba Gidy was one of them. This also happened to the former ELF democratic fighters (Falul) who perished without enough survivors to tell their story at the Massawa Front. [Interview with Tesfay Temnewo - Part34]

On the selection criteria of squads in organising the process of hujjum wars in the past [ from Negarritt-Gazette 89E (NG89E) January 01 2005]

What is hujjum? Hujjum is originally an Arabic word. It may have a different meaning than this version. However, according the Eritrean EPLF military use, experience and perception of it, it means that a soldier fights the enemy in an open way by giving his / her life to be martyr. In its practice, it was a forced martyr and not voluntary because the soldier was chosen by the leader to act in such a manner to accomplish the military message with great probability of dying. If the chosen soldier did not accept the command of his / her leader, he / she should face a military action. Even today this behaviour is exercised in the battle field. The evidence is the recent border war with Ethiopia. The only difference to the past is that today an individual is not chosen but a unit or units (‘ganta’ in Tigrigna) as a whole. One ‘ganta’ has three units. Each unit has 16-20 members. Three units make up one ‘ganta’ of 40-60 members of fighters. One ‘ganta’ from a company or battalion is chosen respectively, for every necessary occasion to be a martyr, for example, to clear away a mined area to create a loop or a passage for use to run away from or attack an enemy position. Such a circumstance, obviously, presents and demonstrates the occurrence of deliberate death with great probability. Read More

• Ato Fitwi Tesfazghi & Ogbamicahel Asgodom Alem Tesfay (2003) listed name of 16  pensioners from Keren who were executed in late 1978 after taking them to Sahel as prisoners. Among of these prisoners were Ato Fitwi Tesfazghi & Ogbamicahel Asgodom

  • Tewelde Beyne: he was taken for « a short questioning » by the security apparatus of the EPLF in Keren, Eritrea, in August 1978.
  • Fitwi Tesfazghi
  • Woldemariam Kelati
  • Hagos Mana
  • Embāye Ghebru
  • Gebrekal Ghilu'u
  • Tenente ZaidHagos
  • Melake Beraki
  • Ogbamicahel Asgodom [the father of two martyr  Ghidey and Mesgna Ogbamichael]
  • Berhane Hadgu
  • Ghebrehiwet Kinfe
  • Mohamed Omar
  • Negash Sibhat
  • Omar Bekhit

  Leteab Tewolde  (1999) states that Teklai Aden, who deserted to Ethiopia in 1979 was  at one point quoted to  have said that about 
  16 police pensioners taken from Keren were hacked to  death while the EPLF was withdrawing to Sahel. She also adds that  in 1993
    authorities in the EPLF (the Eritrean provisional  government) were approached by some members 
  of the affected families only  to be told that « those citizens were released from detention soon after  our withdrawal from Keren, 
  and thereafter, the EPLF knows nothing about  them.  This question should never be raised again, and those who repeat  
  similar queries will face the consequences !» For our family, and the  rest of other families, that cannot be fair response.  
  They were detained  by the front in broad day-light, and then they « disappear ». Their  families have no choice but to keep 
  waiting for their return home or be  told by those who detained   them as to what happened to them.  Read more
  
  Most of their doughters and sons died for Eritrean liberation , to mention some of them..
  
            
  
            Gebrekal Ghilu'u ,,Abo martyr Berhane Gebrekal ELF 1978, martyr Asmerom Gebrekal EPLF
  
            
  
            Negash Sibhat , Abo martyr Semere Negash EPLF
  
            
  
            Ogbamichael , Abo martyr Mesgna Ogbamichael EPLF
            
  
             Find more information on the  Crime committed  against civilians by the ELF  (Jebha) and EPLF(Shaebia ) during the armed struggle 

  
  

• The Main EPLF prison's center was located at Faha, Belekat and Gerger from 1974 to 1978. [[Interview with Tesfay Temnewo [Part 23]]]
• The Main EPLF prison's center was located at Arag from 1979 to 1981.
• After Teclay Aden defected to Ethiopia in 1980, the centre of Halewa Sewra was located at Gea'et and Ietaro this was from 1981 to 1982.
• From 1982 until the liberation 1991 it was located at Hishkib where Solomon W/Mariam was executed

The central prison of the EPLF had 7 units. For example All political prisoners like Menka and Yemine were imprisoned in no 3.

Meharena Hadgu who was one of the prisoner and eyewitness describes how the ringleaders of Menka were imprisioned in 1974 :
The menka ringleaders were surrounded like guerrilla warfare. We were over them in a mountain near by and saw it all, we told this to our haili at night while standing guard and asked for a haili meeting. 3 gantas then were one haili consisting of 35-45 members. 2 gantas were ordered to move and they obeyed, but I wrote them that in my ganta nobody budges. I said that they made all Eritrea Alem Bekagn because they forbade all from movement, we did not come here for it. Habte Kidane "Gorilla" and I said no body will move from here and sat all day. You imprison us today and tomorrow will come execution and we will not stop until this is resolved and we demand to meet the leadership. We were told to leave our weapons to meet the leadership, and we did so. We talked from 11am to 1:30- 2 pm and challenged them in all facts. The leadership were Isayas, Selomon and Romadan. He (Isayas) told us to return to our ganta or be put in jail, and we refused to return to our ganta, and 6 members of that ganta were imprisoned, this was in Arag. This was 2 February 1974, the next day after Musie and Mebrahtu. Then a guard who was not in the movement for months was brought like a prisoner amongst us to spy on us. After a day and a half, he was taken away and gave all accounts of what we talked about. He was then sent to Iraq to learn about heavy armaments. Habte Gorilla and I were released because they needed fighters to battles. Isayas wedi Flansa was not imprisoned with us. He was kept in a correction camp (me-arem Tebay) as we had one and he too was released. Interrogation and beatings are at nights. A prisoner is let out to relieve himself at 5 am before the others got up, no going out allowed other times, so that no body sees there were prisoners. The prison was not underground then but an old half demolished Italian house. We were made to sit by the walls. This is the first imprisonment, and in Arag. Then Vinac of Adi Nefas and then Afwerki Amharay and then Yohannes were brought in, then Habte Selassie. Since beating and interrogation is at night, they come at 1am and without wakening the others, one is taken out carried. The prisoner is still groggy from sleep and 3 or 4 flashlights are lighted on his face. Of the interrogators, Welde Mikel Haile was head, the others being Ash-al wedi Zere, Naizgi Kiflu and Haile Jebha, 4 men. After long interrogation other prisoners were added, namely 'Dottore' Mikel Pharmacist, Dr Rusom also a pharmacist, and the girls Werku, Dehab and Aberash, also in Arag. Others like Ammanuel came from Bahri and started opposing and were brought to us. Read more

Meharena Hadgu added that Musie and the others were imprisoned in Gereger Tebeh. Then our base was changed to Bliquat, and they were imprisoned there. We the army were later told of the death decision on the Menka, but not how. After we were released, others there told us that the prisoners were taken away one by one, when we asked them how they were killed. I have a friend residing in Atlanta now, who was prisoner after my release. He said they were taken tied with handcuffs (Ganshur, chain). Handcuffs could be brought from Sudan or Ethiopia. The prisoners were taken tied and the handcuffs alone were returned. This means the prisoners were killed. Earlier, we thought they were taken to a "court" because we assumed we had one.[Read full story Menkae memory, by Meharena Hadgu]

In his interview with Aida Kidane Weldemariam Abraham also said that Welde Mikel Haile who was head of interrogation had said that these people made military discipline mistakes but they have not committed crimes and decided to close the case. Isayas was not there but Selomon. Because they did not want to accept this decision, Mesfin Hagos and Selomon and Ali Said said they did not need the present interrogator and put up a new committee. Saleh Tetew then said that the leadership makes a committee to use it and put in action the decision of the committee. But if does not suit them, the leadership should not change committees every time like they are doing and this is not right and workable. Because Saleh said that, Ali Said got up and hit Saleh Tetew, they were both in the leadership. Saleh was then sent to Zager and was martyred there. Welde Mikel was degraded from head of 'TseTeta' now called 'Halewa Sewra' and made haili leader and sent to Zager battle too so he may be martyred. I have already written on these". Weldemariam Abraham added that from Beirut, two wounded fighters Habte Gorilla and Habte Ab Seyum were taken away to Sahel and killed. We wanted to get away from the field and expose them to our people. Gebreamlak Isak was a petro-chemical engineer from Kiev, and one of the outstanding in literature in the front. He was known while in the USSR and used to be called Pushkin, even in Russian language. I heard Haile Selassie gave him a medal. He wrote in long sheets the Eritrean Sem ina Werk in 900 pages. I do not know where the writing has gone. Since he, Habte Gorilla and I, Wedi Flansa (Isayas Tewelde Birhan) were in the same ganta, I used to read it. We do not know what happened to his writings after he was taken to prison. Read full story

Meharena Hadgu states that the Menka were charged of being regionalists. This was not true, but charged by Isayas. (the same for the present situation). Those of us who suggested this be solved peacefully were imprisonment. This was making us to sit under trees. At night we were surrounded taken away separately far away and beaten badly to confess. We had to comply to stop the beatings. They then told the others that we had recanted because we did not know the whole thing. Most of us students were beaten. Some of us are lucky to have survived this long, maybe so that we will tell. Otherwise, survival was difficult, with the constant hunger, thirst etc. As prisoners, we could not move an inch. Even if a snake came to bite us we ask the guard first and we were infested with lice. One having diarrheic has to ask permission to relieve himself and told to wait that he passed it inside his pants. Then he is accused of deliberately passing into his pants to make a bad smell and thus beaten. A dehydrated person unable to control himself is beaten badly, as I have seen it. Those not having seen this cannot believe they are so cruel to their own fighters. Prisoners are put around a tree their backs to the tree and about 3 guards to each group. The others, of Musie group were separated from us. We cannot talk to each other. If a person wants to urinate, he asks the guard for permission who answers wait. Times we are tied in hands are when a fighter is in discomfort and asks another prisoner to lend him his blanket, without permission from the guard. Then he is taken out and asked what this code meant and is beaten to confess. The prisoner tells the truth and the guard says he should have asked first. The guards had all power on us and were cruel. He is tied hands and legs and after beating put in the sun all day. There is a plant called Ubel growing in riverbanks and taking its time to dry, it twists like a whip. One beaten with it is horribly hurt their backs becoming open wounds. Some have died of this beating. Too bad those who could have told have done. If a person wails in the beating, cloth is stuffed into is mouth and only the eyes communicate. The beaten person faints and goes into shock, shaking. It happened to me and I saw it on others. Yet we continue serving the front and did not think of fleeing lest those behind me get all the punishment. When visiting the "toilet" prisoners are taken out in 2-3 lines. The first line take off their pants and kneel down, facing their guards. The next in line face to the opposite. It was a humiliating situation. Read full story

Adhanom Fitew added that when a person is taken to Halewa Sewra, the person disappears. There was a prison guard confessing later, guarding Mussie and Co., - the lice were so many that a bullet was preferred. A prisoner cannot by himself scratch or move himself because he was beaten for that action. It was such a hot weather that the lice should not have survived, but spread more in contrast. The Menkae leaders and members suffered much. Some fighters on their way to bring water saw Mussie and Co., and said they were unrecognizable, living skeletons and eyes bulging out. Though food was scarce all around, the prisoners were full of lice, tortured and least fed. source from Memories of Menkae and After by Adhanom Fitew

ብሰሎሞን ወልደማርያም ዝምራሕ ዝነበረ ኣንጻር መንካዕ ጉጅለ፡ብየማንነት ተኸሰ። ብዙሓት ካድራትን መራሕቲ ሰራዊትን ይእሰሩ። ጉጅለ መንካዕን ኣንጻር መንካዕን ኣብ ሓደ ቤት ማእሰርቲ ይራኸቡ። ሰሎሞን እውን እታ ንመንካዕ ዝረኸበቶም ጽዋዕ ይቕበላ። ከምዚሉ ኣቶ ኢሳያስ ጸጋምን የማንን ወቒዑ ናይ ስልጣን ኮረሻ ኣጽኒዑ ንቕድሚት ይምርሽ። ኢሳያስ ዓላማኡ ንስልጣን እንተዘይነብር እዞም ኩሎም ነብሳት ኣይመጥፈአን። እቲ ናይ መንካዕ ምንቅስቓስ ብ1973 ኢዩ ነይሩ። ኣነ ብ1974 ናብቲ ውድብ ክኣቱ ከሎኹ ተኣሲሮም ጸኒሖሙኒ። ሓደ ግዜ ኣብ ክፍሊ ታዕሊም እንከሎና፡ በጋጣሚ ምስ ሓደ ብጻይ ማይ ከነምጽእ ምስ ወረድና፡ ካብቶም እሱራት ብብረት ተሓሊዮም ማይ ከምጽኡ ረኣናዮም። ኩነታት ኣካላቶም መግለጺ ዘይብሉ ዘስካሕክ ነበረ። ካብ መቓብር ወጺኡ ጠጠው ኢሉ ዝኸይድ ኣስከረን ይመስሉ ነይሮም። እቲ ዝነበረ ማእሰርቲ ዘስካሕክሕ ኢዩ። ቁማል በሊዑካ ክትሓክኽ ዘይፍቀድ ኩነታት ኢዩ ነይሩ። እንደገና ካብ 1975 ስጋብ 1977 ምንቅስቓስ መንካዕ ደጊሱ። ኣብያተ-ማእሰርቲ ስንጭሮታት ሳሕል መሊኡ፡ ኣሃዱታት ጥረሐን ዝተረፋሉ ግዜ ኢዩ ነይሩ። ስለዚ ጭካኔ ኢሳያስ ኣብ ቅድሚ ህዝቢ ኣብ ኣሰመራ ጊሂዱ’ምበር፡ ኣብ ሳሕል ኢዩ ተጀሩ። source from ቃልሲ ኢሳያ ንስልጣን by A dhanomFitew

Zekere Lebonna who joined Selfi Nasnet in 1972 recounted that, the daily routine was attending endless criticism and self-criticism sessions and indoctrination lectures. the victims of these incessant sessions were summarily executed. Some were driven into madness and the rest were politically silenced. Torture and executions were rampant. I remember a group in Tegih, Sahel who were spared death but were savagely treated. Scalded by hot water and bruised by firewood, their skin showed festering wounds and they suffered ulcers. So much so that they could not wear rough military uniform, and were often strolling wearing loose outfits jalabiya Among this group were Berhane Afro and Tekle Rashaida. Like a leper colony, one often observed them sitting under the shade of acacia and Aday trees. read more

Dr Bereket Habte Selassie is also another witness. Dr Bereket states that  in his book. "On one occasion, while I was walking toward a place where I habitually went to answer nature's call, I heard cries of agony from the bush. Curious to find out, I approached the bush where the cries came from. And there, to my horror, I saw Haile Jebha (Solomon's deputy Chief of Security), beating another man repeatedly on the head with a thin stick. The victim, whose hands and feet were tied and who apparently knew me, called me by name and begged to be rescued" ( Source from Eritrea A Dream Deferred by Gaim Kibreab, 2009 :159)

According to the recent interview of Tesfai Temno part 32 Dr Bereket was imprison during this time. Dr Bereket and Redazgi were the founders  of Eritrea Relief Association (ERA).  Listen Tesfai Temno part 32

Further more Dr. Bereket in his interview with Semere T Habtemariam June 20, 2013 affirmed that Isaias and him had a fluctuating relationship ever since he first entered the Meda and joined the EPLF but didn't mentioned he was inprison

"Why Isaias did not choose me to head the commission in the first place is a question only he can answer. All we can do is speculate. Isaias and I had a fluctuating relationship ever since I first entered the Meda and joined the EPLF. The apogee of our positive relationship was when I became the founding chairman of the Eritrean Relief Association (ERA). And the relationship soured occasionally due to my assertive personality, which he apparently did not like. But because the movement needed my services, he tolerated me. Until the spring of 1990, when I published the booklet, which you have read, Reflection on the Future Political System of Eritrea. In the booklet, I wrote, among other things that in a future Eritrea where a multi-party system prevails, the ELF should be invited to participate in a general election. I cited the EPLF resolution of the Second Congress (1987) in which multi-party system is envisaged as the governing principle[ source http://awate.com/an-interview-with-dr-bereket-habte-selassie/]

Aklilu Zere also describes some torture techniques were used in Halewa Sewra [inthe southern front(Ala)] in 1975: The accused was placed three feet from a blank 6 feet wall for 4-6 hours daily during the hottest periods of the day 10 am – 4 am(sic). He/ she was not to move any part of his body even if he/she was swarmed by mosquitoes or flies and if he/she did, 4 lashes of stick rained on them).
[SourceThe Tears of a sadist By Aklilu Zere - Jun 25, 2007]

Even though former members of the EPLF Central Committee and other former fighters who are in exile tried to keep secret all the crimes committed by the EPLF against innocent fighters in the 1970s and 1980s, Dr.Alazar Gebre-Yesus in his article in 2001"PIA Now face the truth..." states that many Eritreans were victims of your(PIA) political beliefs and slogans during  the last 30 years of struggle . You (PIA) called them Menka-e, 'jasus' (spy agent) of CIA, Israel, West Germany, Ethiopia, Keyada Al-Ama (Jebha) etc. As a result, many Eritrean civilians and Tegadelti were imprisoned and tortured in Halewa Sewra and many paid with their lives. Many of these victims (e.g. Teclemariam Rashaida, Betszai Goite-om Berhe as mentioned before) were used as objects of demonstration for their wrong missions. They were forced to stand and speak out against their wrong doings in front of the new Eritrean Trainees in Bele-Kat, Mah-Mi-met etc. (Military Training Campuses) as well as in front of the gathered battalion (companies, contingents) (Tegadelti of Ganta-tat and Haile-tat of a Battalion), for example at Deg-At Abai, Deg-At Ne-Ush in Sahel in the years of 1975 - 1977. At the end of the speech of their forced confession, the victims were asking the audience for forgiveness, no one knows till this day whether the allegations were true. read more

Find more information from this interview nai menkae short part​

Meharena Hadgu states that, in 1986 the  fighters and the leaders had very different living standards which provoked the fighters to organize . I have heard that some of those who started a movement expressing their discontent were taken away and killed, or made to disappear. And some knew they would be killed, fled to Sudan. There are imprisoned fighters who are still in prison now(Meharena Hadgu ). Some of them could be among those who were executed in Congo, Zaire, in 1994.

Adhanom Fitwi in his interview on Memories of Menkae and Afterin 2004; Weldemariam Abraham in his paperon Menkae,;  Meharena Hadgu’s  Menkae memory, Teclai Ghebre-Mariam Aden’s  ‘EPLF AN INSIDE STORY’  and other publications have provided us with in-depth information which is different from the story recounted by the EPLF during the liberation struggle. On the other hand Haile Menkorias's interview onThe PLF leadership crisis 1973 provides basic information on Menkaeuprising and what happened after. Why did he keep secret the crimes committed, between 1977 and 1994,  by EPLF's leaders and Central Committee members?

Interview with Tesfay Temnewo - Part 36
• Read more
• [Interview with Tesfay Temnewo Part 35]
• ወፊሮም ገዘኦም ዘይተመልሱ ! ( መስፍን ሓጎስ መን እዩ?) 1ይ ክፋል [pt2] [pt3]
• What is the meaning of silence?
   
• Alem Tesfay (2003) listed some names of victim of the 1970s and 1980s     
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